, is the A. Doug Allison Distinguished Professor in the Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at NC State University, and she is past-president of INFORMS. Professor Swann is an expert in supply chain management and in health systems and a Fellow of AAAS, AIMBE, IISE, and INFORMS.

Julie L. Swann, PhD, MS

Blue digital binary data on a computer screen

Every summer, a familiar public health drama plays out in the produce aisles. Reports of a widespread gastrointestinal illness caused by 

, a microscopic parasite that hitchhikes on fresh leafy greens. As cases climb across dozens of states, public health officials scramble to answer a simple question: 

By the time investigators connect the dots, weeks have passed. The product in question, such as lettuce, has long since been harvested, shipped, processed, served, and eaten.

We tend to frame foodborne outbreaks as agricultural failures or biological mysteries. But in reality, our food safety crisis is an operational data crisis.

Our produce supply chain is built for extreme speed, rushing highly perishable products from farm fields to restaurant tables in a handful of days. Yet the information network tracking that food moves at a snail’s pace. We are trying to protect a 21st-century supply chain using 20th-century paper trails, unstructured PDFs, and dial-up-era communication systems.

To stop outbreaks before they spread, we must eliminate data friction across 3 core dimensions: Amount, quality, and speed across multiple operational networks.

1. The Amount of Information: Stop Tracing "Blank Boxes"

When a shipping manifest simply reads "100 cases of shredded iceberg," investigators are left flying blind. Under baseline regulatory standards, a distributor often only knows who sold them a pallet and who bought it, and this "one-step-back, one-step-forward" model breaks down in a fast-moving crisis.

Under the FDA’s Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) Section 204, companies are required to capture granular key data elements (KDEs), including a standardized traceability lot code (TLC) that follows a crop from harvest to bowl. Knowing the exact lot code turns a nationwide needle-in-a-haystack search into a targeted query. However, federal enforcement has been delayed.

2. The Quality of Information: Speak a Universal Digital Language

Granular data are useless if it’s trapped in proprietary software silos or on paper clipboards. Today, a processor, a logistics distributor, and a restaurant chain often use three incompatible inventory systems. When public health officials request records, they may receive a mountain of flat PDFs and hand-written invoices that staff must manually cross-reference in spreadsheets.

The solution isn't inventing new technology; it’s increasing adoption of existing open, global standards. GS1-128 barcodes, which are the open-source standard used on almost every packaged retail product in America, can embed lot numbers, harvest dates, and location codes into a single, machine-readable label. If a retail barcode can track a tube of toothpaste from a warehouse to your doorstep in real time, a case of lettuce should carry the same digital transparency.

3. The Speed of Information: Close the Latency Gap

The most dangerous lag occurs between the patient and the investigator. Traditional outbreak investigations rely on telephone recall surveys that take weeks to schedule, conduct, and analyze.

Because bagged greens have a shelf life of under 3 weeks, an investigation that takes 21 days is effectively an autopsy rather than an intervention. If health agencies used automated, SMS-driven digital questionnaires paired with opt-in retail receipt syncing, traceback times could drop from weeks to 48 hours.

Cutting investigation times from 3 weeks to 5 days isn't just an administrative win; it is a preventive shield. Catching a contaminated lot 2 weeks earlier can prevent up to 70% of potential exposures. Accounting for unreported illnesses, rapid digital tracing in a major outbreak could spare tens of thousands of Americans from severe illness.

Keep in mind, packaged produce typically has a shelf life of 14 to 21 days. Public health traceback could be reduced to 5 days, potentially preventing cases in weeks 2 and 3 of the shelf life. Also, the 

 that for every 1 lab-confirmed case of 

, 20-30 actual illnesses occur in the community, so an outbreak of 2000 lab-confirmed cases represents roughly 40,000 to 60,000 real-world sick people.

Fixing this broken data pipeline requires a coordinated effort across industry, Congress, states, and public health:

 Retail and foodservice giants shouldn't wait for delayed federal deadlines. Following the lead of major retailers like Walmart, commercial buyers must mandate that suppliers not only print GS1-128 case barcodes but also digitally transmit lot numbers via advance ship notices (ASNs) at every transfer point as a condition of doing business.

 Digitization shouldn't drive small family farms out of business. Congress and the USDA should establish a Digital Traceability Grant Program that provides $1,500 to $3,000 technology grants to small- and mid-sized growers to cover the initial costs of thermal label printers, scanners, and open-source software integration.

 We cannot demand 21st-century disease tracking from local health departments operating on 20th-century budgets. States, including Colorado and Minnesota, have shown us approaches that work. By deploying automated, web-based survey links and digital complaint portals, these health departments have cut interview times by 70% while reaching patients instantly. These modern tools shouldn’t depend on one’s zip code or a state’s wealth. The CDC and state legislatures must scale these proven digital toolkits nationwide, ensuring every local health department has access to free, plug-and-play investigation software.

 In July 2025, the CDC scaled back its Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), making active tracking for 

 optional for participating states due to budget constraints. We cannot fix what we stop measuring. FoodNet is our long-term public health radar, and federal funding for it should be restored. Making parasite tracking optional under FoodNet doesn't just blind us during an active summer outbreak; it destroys the baseline data we need to evaluate whether our food safety policies are working overtime.

Our food supply chain is a marvel of modern logistics. To protect the public, it is time we build a unified digital network spanning commercial logistics, federal oversight, and local health response that moves just as fast.

Articles

Foodborne outbreaks like Cyclospora are often blamed on contaminated produce, but delayed data sharing may be the larger problem. This article examines how modern digital traceability, standardized data systems, and faster outbreak investigations could reduce illnesses and improve food safety across the supply chain.

Julie L. Swann, PhD, MS

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